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http://beta.aalf.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:DeatonWhiting296&action=history Revision history for this page on the wiki en MediaWiki 1.13.3 Mon, 02 Nov 2026 18:28:27 GMT http://beta.aalf.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:DeatonWhiting296&diff=15983&oldid=prev <p>New page: A [http://www.webtitan-it.com/ pc murah] laptop computer or simply laptop (also laptop computer or notebook) may be a small mobile personal computer, sometimes weighing from one to 3 kilog...</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div>A [http://www.webtitan-it.com/ pc murah] laptop computer or simply laptop (also laptop computer or notebook) may be a small mobile personal computer, sometimes weighing from one to 3 kilograms, reckoning on size, materials and other factors.<br /> <br /> While the terms &quot;laptop&quot; and &quot;notebook&quot; are often used interchangeably, &quot;laptop&quot; is the older term, introduced in 1983 with the Gavilan SC. &quot;Notebook computer&quot; may be a later coinage, which was used to differentiate smaller devices such as those of the Compaq LTE series in 1989, which were, in distinction to previous laptops, the approximate size of an A4 paper sheet.[1] Either term is often used improperly: because of heat and other issues, many laptops are inappropriate for use on one's lap, and most are not the size of an A4 sheet. Although, some older moveable computers, such as the Macintosh transportable and sure Zenith TurbosPort models, were generally described as &quot;laptops&quot;, their size and weight were too nice for this class.<br /> <br /> Laptops typically run on one battery or from an external AC/DC adapter which might charge the battery whereas conjointly supplying power to the pc itself.<br /> <br /> An Acer laptop with touchpadAs personal computers, laptops are capable of the same tasks as a desktop computer, though they are typically less powerful for an equivalent worth. They contain components that are almost like their desktop counterparts and perform constant functions, however are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use and economical power consumption. Laptops usually have liquid crystal displays and most of them use totally different memory modules for his or her RAM (for instance, SO-DIMM in lieu of the larger DIMMs). additionally to a built-in keyboard, they'll utilize a touchpad (also referred to as a trackpad) or a pointing stick for input, though an external keyboard or mouse will typically be attached.<br /> <br /> Categories<br /> Terms typically used for subtypes of laptop computers include:<br /> <br /> Ultraportables<br /> Laptops with screens generally less than 12 inches diagonally and a weight of but 1.7kg. Their primary audience is usually business travellers, who would like tiny, lightweight laptops. Ultraportables are typically very expensive and house power-saving CPUs and almost always have integrated graphics.<br /> Thin-and-lights<br /> Laptops usually weighing in between 1.8kg and 2.8kg with a screen size of between 12 and 14 inches diagonally.<br /> Medium-sized laptops<br /> These usually have screens of fifteen - fifteen.4 inches diagonally and a weight of around 3-3.5kg. they sometimes sacrifice a bit computing power for smaller dimensions and longer battery life, although the length and width are sometimes determined by the screen size.<br /> Desktop replacement computers<br /> Powerful laptops meant to be mainly employed in a set location and infrequently administered attributable to their weight and size; the latter provides more space for powerful elements and a giant screen, usually measuring 15 inches or a lot of. Desktop replacements tend to have restricted battery life, rarely exceeding 3 hours, as a result of the hardware does not optimize power efficiency.<br /> History<br /> Before laptop/notebook computers were technically possible, similar ideas had been proposed, most notably Alan Kay's Dynabook concept, developed at Xerox PARC in the early Nineteen Seventies.<br /> <br /> The [http://www.webtitan-it.com/ komputer murah] first commercially on the market transportable computer was the Osborne 1 in 1981, which used the CP/M operating system. though it was massive and serious compared to today's laptops, with a small CRT monitor, it had a near-revolutionary impact on business, as professionals were able to take their pc and knowledge with them for the primary time. This and alternative &quot;luggables&quot; were inspired by what was probably the primary portable pc, the Xerox NoteTaker, once more developed at Xerox PARC, in 1976; however, solely ten prototypes were built. The Osborne was concerning the dimensions of a conveyable stitching machine, and importantly may be carried on an advertisement aircraft. However, it had been not possible to run the Osborne on batteries; it had to be plugged in.<br /> <br /> A additional enduring success was the Compaq portable, the first product from Compaq, introduced in 1983, by which period the IBM personal computer had become the standard platform. though scarcely more transportable than the Osborne machines, and additionally requiring AC power to run, it ran MS-DOS and was the first true IBM clone (IBM's own later moveable laptop, which arrived in 1984, was notably less IBM PC-compatible than the Compaq[citation needed]).<br /> <br /> Another important machine announced in 1981, though initial sold widely in 1983, was the Epson HX-20. a simple handheld computer, it featured a full-transit 68-key keyboard, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, alittle (120 x 32-pixel) dot-matrix LCD show with four lines of text, 20 characters per line text mode, a 24 column dot matrix printer, a Microsoft BASIC interpreter, and sixteen kB of RAM (expandable to thirty two kB).<br /> <br /> However, arguably the primary true laptop was the GRiD Compass 1101, designed by Bill Moggridge in 1979-1980, and released in 1982. Enclosed in a magnesium case, it introduced the currently familiar clamshell design, during which the flat show folded shut against the keyboard. the computer could be run from batteries, and was equipped with a 320×200-pixel plasma display and 384 kilobyte bubble memory. it had been not IBM-compatible, and its high price (US$ 10,000) limited it to specialised applications. However, it was used heavily by the U.S. military, and by NASA on the house Shuttle throughout the Nineteen Eighties. The GRiD's manufacturer subsequently earned important returns on its patent rights as its innovations became commonplace. GRiD Systems Corp. was later bought by Tandy (RadioShack).<br /> <br /> Two different noteworthy early laptops were the Sharp PC-5000 and therefore the Gavilan SC, announced in 1983 but first sold in 1984. The Gavilan was notably the first pc to be marketed as a &quot;laptop&quot;. it had been conjointly equipped with a pioneering touchpad-like pointing device, installed on a panel on top of the keyboard. like the GRiD Compass, the Gavilan and also the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases, however they were partly IBM-compatible, although primarily running their own system software. each had LCD displays, and could hook up with optional external printers.<br /> <br /> The year 1983 conjointly saw the launch of what was probably the biggest-selling early laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic eighty five, that owed much to the design of the previous Epson HX-20. although it was initially a slow seller in Japan, it was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation, Olivetti, and NEC, which saw its potential and marketed it respectively as TRS-80 Model a hundred line (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M-10, NEC PC-8201.[2] The machines ran on commonplace AA batteries. The Tandy's built-in programs, together with a BASIC interpreter, a text editor, and a terminal program, were provided by Microsoft, and are thought to possess been written in part by Bill Gates himself. the computer was not a clamshell, however provided a tiltable 8×40-character LCD screen higher than a full-travel keyboard. With its internal modem, it was a highly moveable communications terminal. thanks to its portability, smart battery life (and ease of replacement), reliability (it had no moving parts), and low price (as little as US$ 300), the model was highly regarded, changing into a favorite among journalists. It weighed but two kg with dimensions of 30 × twenty one.5 × 4.5 cm (12 × 8.5 × 1.75 inches). Initial specifications included eight kilobyte of RAM (expandable to twenty four kB) and a 3 MHz processor. The machine was in reality concerning the scale of a paper notebook, however the term had however to return into use and it had been generally described as a &quot;portable&quot; laptop.<br /> <br /> Among the primary industrial IBM-compatible laptops were the IBM pc Convertible, introduced in 1986, and 2 Toshiba models, the T1000 and T1200, introduced in 1987. although limited floppy-based DOS machines, with the operating system stored in read-only memory, the Toshiba models were little and light enough to be carried in a very backpack, and will be break out lead-acid batteries. These also introduced the now-standard &quot;resume&quot; feature to DOS-based machines: the computer may be paused between sessions, without having to be restarted whenever.<br /> <br /> The first laptops successful on a large scale came in large half attributable to missive of invitation For Proposal (RFP) by the U.S. Air Force in 1987. This contract would eventually result in the acquisition of over two hundred,000 laptops. Competition to supply this contract was fiercely contested and also the major computer firms of the time; IBM, Toshiba, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith knowledge Systems (ZDS), rushed to develop laptops in a trial to win this deal. ZDS, which had earlier won a landmark touch upon the IRS for its Z-171, was awarded this contract for its SupersPort series. The SupersPort series was originally launched with an Intel 8086 processor, twin floppy disk drives, a backlit, blue and white STN LCD screen, and a NiCD battery pack. Later models featured an Intel 80286 processor and a 20MB exhausting disk drive. On the strength of this deal, ZDS became the world's largest laptop supplier in 1987 and 1988.<br /> <br /> ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo in the design and manufacturing of those laptops. This relationship is notable because it had been the first deal between a major whole and an Asian OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer). At the time, Compaq, IBM, Toshiba, NEC, etc. all designed and manufactured their own machines. However, once the success of the ZDS providing alternative relationships, like Compaq and Citizen, soon followed. At now the standard of Japanese engineering and manufacturing in conjunction with the strength of the dollar relative to the yen (typically concerning 130 Yen = $1) drove most brands to suppliers in Japan. firms such as Sanyo, Tottori Sanyo, Citizen, and Casio were all heavily involved during this business as OEMs. However, by the mid-1990s a weakening dollar and the rising viability of Taiwanese OEMs like Acer, Quanta, Compal, Twinhead, and Chicony lead the provision base to rapidly shift from Japan to Taiwan. Additionally, brands that were more nimble and relied less on internal engineering like Gateway, Dell and Micron began to rise quickly to leadership positions. mixtures like Dell/Compal and Gateway/Quanta eventually became powerhouse partnerships and greatly contributed to the prominence of Taiwanese OEMs because the center of laptop producing from regarding 1995 onward.<br /> <br /> Another notable laptop was the Cambridge Z88, designed by Clive Sinclair, introduced in 1988. concerning the dimensions of an A4 sheet of paper in addition, it ran on commonplace batteries, and contained basic spreadsheet, word processing, and communications programs. It anticipated the longer term miniaturization of the transportable computer; and, as a ROM-based machine with alittle display, can -- like the TRS-80 Model 100 -- even be seen as a forerunner of the private digital assistant.<br /> <br /> By the tip of the Eighties, laptop computers were turning into fashionable among business people. The NEC Ultralite, released in mid-1989, was perhaps the primary personal computer, weighing simply over a pair of kg; in lieu of a floppy or onerous drive, it contained a two megabyte RAM drive, but this reduced its utility furthermore as its size. the primary notebook computers to incorporate arduous drives were those of the Compaq LTE series, introduced toward the top of that year. truly the scale of a notebook, they additionally featured backlit displays with CGA resolutions (though not CGA colors).<br /> <br /> The Macintosh transportable, Apple's initial try at a battery-powered computerThe first Apple laptop machine designed to be used on the go was the 1989 Macintosh portable (although an LCD screen had been an possibility for the transportable Apple IIc in 1984). really a &quot;luggable&quot;, the Mac transportable was praised for its clear active matrix display and long battery life, however was a poor seller attributable to its bulk. within the absence of a real Apple laptop, several compatible machines like the Outbound Laptop were available for Mac users; however, for copyright reasons, the user had to supply a collection of Mac ROMs, which sometimes meant having to shop for a new or used Macintosh yet.<br /> <br /> The Apple PowerBook series, introduced in October 1991, pioneered changes that are now de facto standards on laptops, like the position of the keyboard, area for palm rest, and also the inclusion of a built-in pointing device (a trackball). the subsequent year, IBM released its Thinkpad 700C, that includes the same style (though with a distinctive red TrackPoint pointing device).<br /> <br /> Later PowerBooks introduced the primary 256-color displays (PowerBook 165c, 1993), and initial true touchpad, first 16-bit sound recording, and first built-in Ethernet network adapter (PowerBook 500, 1994).<br /> <br /> The summer of 1995 was a significant turning purpose within the history of notebook computing. In August of that year Microsoft introduced Windows ninety five. it had been the primary time that Microsoft had placed much of the ability management control within the operating system. before this point every whole used custom BIOS, drivers and in some cases, ASICs, to optimize the battery life of its machines. This move by Microsoft was controversial within the eyes of notebook designers because it greatly reduced their ability to innovate; but, it did serve its role in simplifying and stabilizing certain aspects of notebook design. Windows ninety five conjointly ushered in the importance of the CD-ROM in mobile computing and initiated the shift to the Intel Pentium processor as the base platform for notebooks. The Gateway Solo was the first notebook introduced with a Pentium processor and a CD-ROM. By conjointly that includes a removeable laborious disk drive and floppy drive it had been the first three-spindle (optical, floppy, and laborious disk drive) laptop computer. The Gateway Solo was very successful within the patron segment of the market. In roughly the same time period the Dell Latitude, Toshiba Satellite, and IBM Thinkpad were reaching nice success with Pentium-based two-spindle (hard disk and floppy disk drive) systems directed toward the corporate market.<br /> <br /> An [http://www.webtitan-it.com/ laptop murah] old (1997) Micron laptopAs technology improved throughout the Nineties, the usefulness and recognition of laptops increased. Correspondingly prices went down. many developments specific to laptops were quickly implemented, improving usability and performance. Among them were:<br /> <br /> Improved battery technology. The heavy lead-acid batteries were replaced with lighter and a lot of economical technologies, first nickel cadmium or NiCD, then nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and then lithium ion battery and lithium polymer.<br /> Power-saving processors. whereas laptops in 1991 were limited to the 80286 processor attributable to the energy demands of the a lot of powerful 80386, the introduction of the Intel 386SL processor, designed for the precise power needs of laptops, marked the point at that laptop wants were included in CPU design. The 386SL integrated a 386SX core with a memory controller and this was paired with an I/O chip to form the SL chipset. it was more integrated than any previous resolution though its value was higher. it was heavily adopted by the key notebook brands of the time. Intel followed this with the 486SL chipset which used constant design. However, Intel had to abandon this design approach because it introduced its Pentium series. Early versions of the mobile Pentium required TAB mounting (also used in LCD manufacturing) and this initially limited the number of corporations capable of supplying notebooks. However, Intel did eventually migrate to a lot of commonplace chip packaging. One limitation of notebooks has forever been the difficulty in upgrading the processor which is a common attribute of desktops. Intel did attempt to solve this drawback with the introduction of the MMC for mobile computing. The MMC was a standard module upon which the CPU and external cache memory might sit. It gave the notebook buyer the potential to upgrade his CPU at a later date, eased the producing method some, and was additionally utilized in some cases to skirt U.S. import duties as the CPU can be added to the chassis once it arrived in the U.S. Intel stuck with MMC for a few generations however ultimately couldn't maintain the acceptable speed and knowledge integrity to the memory subsystem through the MMC connector.<br /> Improved liquid crystal displays, above all active-matrix TFT (Thin-Flim Transitor) LCD technology. Early laptop screens were black and white, blue and white, or grayscale, STN (Super Twist Nematic) passive-matrix LCDs liable to significant shadows, ghosting and blurry movement (some transportable pc screens were sharper monochrome plasma displays, however these drew an excessive amount of current to be powered by batteries). Color STN screens were used for some time although their viewing quality was poor. By regarding 1991 , 2 new color LCD techologies hit the mainstream market in a very huge way; twin STN and TFT. the dual STN screens solved several of the viewing problems of STN at a very reasonable price and the TFT screens offered wonderful viewing quality although initially at a steep price. DSTN continued to offer a major value advantage over TFT till the mid-90s before the price delta dropped to the point that DSTN was now not utilized in notebooks. improvements in production technology meant displays became larger, sharper, had higher native resolutions, faster response time and could display color with great accuracy, creating them an appropriate substitute for a traditional CRT monitor.<br /> Improved hard disk technology. Early laptops and portables had only floppy disk drives. As thin, high-capacity onerous disk drives with higher reliability and shock resistance and lower power consumption became obtainable, users may store their work on laptop computers and take it with them. The 3.5&quot; HDD was created initially as a response to the wants of notebook designers that required smaller, lower power consumption merchandise. As pressure to still shrink the notebook size even more, the 2.5&quot; HDD was introduced.<br /> Improved connectivity. Internal modems and commonplace serial, parallel, and PS/2 ports on IBM PC-compatible laptops made it easier to figure removed from home; the addition of network adapters and, from 1997, USB, as well as, from 1999, Wi-Fi, made laptops as straightforward to use with peripherals as a desktop computer.<br /> <br /> <br /> The $100 laptop<br /> <br /> A first generation prototype of the $100 laptop<br /> In 2005, college members from the MIT Media Lab as well as Nicholas Negroponte introduced the $100 laptop and therefore the One Laptop Per kid project. The aim is to design, manufacture, and distribute laptops that are sufficiently inexpensive to supply each child in the world access to data and trendy kinds of education. The laptops are to be sold to governments and issued to kids by schools. These equipments, of which several prototypes have already been presented, are going to be rugged, Linux-based, and therefore energy economical that a hand-cranking dynamo will alone provide sufficient power for operation (although this hand-crank has since been removed). Ad-hoc wireless mesh networking may be used to permit many machines to share one net connection.</div> Mon, 05 Mar 2012 07:16:40 GMT DeatonWhiting296 http://beta.aalf.org/wiki/index.php?title=User_talk:DeatonWhiting296